The PhD degree is awarded to candidates who have displayed an in-depth understanding of the subject matter and demonstrated the ability to make an original contribution to knowledge in their chosen field of specialty. For the PhD degree students must take eight courses beyond their Master degree, five of which must be at the doctoral 800 level. PhD students must also pass diagnostic and candidacy exams, work on advanced research under direct advising of an ECE faculty member, and write and defend an original dissertation.